Home Study Career Training Knowledge Base
Career advice needed from practicing illustrators and/or visual artists? I'm a stay at home mom who wants to pursue an illustration career. I want to use my free time at the end of my night to make it happen, even if it takes a long time. I'm hoping it could provide some supplemental income eventually although it's not a priority. I'd like to hear from other working artists or illustrators about what the market is like, the competition, what's in demand, useful websites, other tips, or mistakes to avoid. Any constructive suggestions? I have good formal training as an artist but not much work experience. I have amateur knowledge of graphics applications but I'm willing to study at home to get better - which programs and tutorial books are best? I also love to work traditionally without the computer. I'm stylistically flexible but I prefer doing anthropomorphic work geared towards a child audience or hip, urban stuff. Thanks in advance for your suggestions!
Hi, I would like to do a home study course but have terrible GCSE results,? I'm 25 with a young child and I feel that I owe it to myself to do a bit better. I could train as a teacher for people with special needs or as a head of residence through work (eventually), but to be honest I dont like the job enough to do that, I spend enough time at work so I want to study something unrelated to work. I know I would really knuckle down this time as I have life experience and am more mature, would I be able to do a degree with the open university or would I have to do a couple of A levels first? I'm not entirely sure what I want to study but I think maybe something geogoraphy related that is going to actually lead to a good career or at least open up a few doors. Any suggestions? P.S I only got two C grades in my GCSE'S (English and geogoraphy)
HowdoIfindawayto get back into work/study when have tobe a full-time Mom w/no outside help in a foreigncountry I am a full-time Mom and wife living abroad who is at the point of crisis because I cannot nor do I want to put my child (<2) in full-time nursery (already attends 2 days a week) but who is also becoming depressed at the prospect of never being able to return to my academic/career goals. I live in a foreign country but have the right to work here, but have no family here other than my spouse who already works full-time outside. In America I am qualified to Master level in my field but know I would have to do further studies to find career level long-term work in my field here. The nearest training sites for my field are 60 miles away and EXTREMELY competitive, even for those from here. Not that I hate being a Mom. I love it and love being with my child! However, keeping the house tidy etc. is not who I am or feel is my role. (In fact I seem to avoid it whenever possible). Financially we cannot continue to afford my being home full-time either so it is not just a choice. Help please
What professional qualifications should I study for? Having reached the ceiling salary in my current job I am giving serious consideration to gaining some professional qualifications from home that would open doors into other fields as I cannot afford a drop in salary for on the job training. I was wondering if anyone could give some advice on potential qualifications that they believe would fit my criteria and be worthwhile (e.g ACCA, CeMAP, ICM, C&G's) and what jobs they could potentially open doors to. My background is analytical but I would be willing to consider a total career change should it give me the opportunity to increase my earnings as that is the priority at this moment in time.
wat r some good careers or jobs which r not very difficult to train in.. or study for and can get u a good job? the reason im asking is.. cause i cant go to college full time i have no job skills since im only an high school graduate there r no good work from home jobs.. i m married.. im already 24, so i would like to know wat r some careers which not very time consuming ( including college studies) which pay u good at leat 3000 dollars a month..... or is there anything that i can do which will help me earn this much with no job exp.. no degree.... im looking for serious answers ... thanx
career in chemistry with no degree? i am beginning to become very frustrated. i have wanted to pursue a career in environmental chemistry/microbiology my entire life. my daughter was born while i was still in high school, so needless to say, because i also wanted to be a mother, i haven't been able to finish my degree. i have been lucky enough to get some training at laboratories, (i'm familiar with ICP, AA Furnace, TCLP, NPDES, ASTM, etc.), but have now moved back to the pittsburgh area from Los Angeles, and am trying to find a position in an environmental lab in this area. my bottom line is, yes i suppose i could go back to school to get my degree in chemistry, but i am so irritated that i would have to take all of the general ed. courses. being that i could never attend college full time, i would study, with a fierceness, anything i could get my hands on as far as math, chemistry, physics, etc. i am extremely proficient as far as language arts are concerned, so i am getting extremely frustrated by the fact that if i go back to college, i am going to have to take all of these courses which i feel are going to be a waste of my time and money. i know that i'm fully capable of pursuing a career in chemistry. it comes so naturally to me. i remember everything i am taught the first time, and i have worked my a** off at home trying to teach myself everything i can. what should i do in this situation? are there any options available for me to pursue a good career in this field without a degree? jewish? OMG, that's something my grandfather would say. i can't wait to tell him what that answer was to my question! i hope he doesn't die laughing! thanks, i needed that, seriously!
Hello dear English experts, May I ask for your help, please ? I am beginner English at my starting point of my career, I am about to establish a web site through which I can advertise myself. I wonder if you read the contents of the site and tell me about any mistake either in vocabulary, grammar, functions or any thing you see as inappropriate and their substitutions . Home Course Details Material Periodic Revision Final Revision New Enrolment Other Services Free Services Contact us ……………………………………………………………………………… Home Mr. Ahmed Ibrahim – who has successfully completed the American Language Course in the United States – is pleased to announce about his educational course in English subject to the students of the fist stage of the secondary school during the educational year, 2007 – 2008 – from mid August 2007 to May 2008. Course Details The course begins with a preparation phase through which students are supposed to revise the most important topics of grammar and language functions previously studied before going through the main curriculum. The preparation phase begins with a simple evaluation test in basic grammar rules that students are supposed to be aware of. Based on the test result, weak point of every individual student will be detected and consequently the needed information and topics only will be included for each group during this phase. The curriculum (Hello 7) is taught through a scientific and interesting technique that aims to keep the students away from being bored or destabilized. The course also aims to enriching students with the main principles of language they will need during their further studies, not just enables them to get the full mark by the end of the year. Material It has been prepared carefully to avoid all what is unnecessary to the students and pay a special attention to the elements and sides that relate to the final exam in order not to waste the students' time or effort. It also contains the most important expected questions of the ministry model exam that no final exam is void of. Each unit of the curriculum is briefed into the following 6 main points: 1- The new vocabulary of the unit followed by intensive exercise that consists of 25 – 30 multiple questions similar to those of the final exam. 2- Tow reading comprehension texts similar to those of the final exam but based on the same unit. 3- Two translation texts from English to Arabic and from Arabic to English similar to those of the final exam but based on the same unit. 4- Grammar explanation of the unit followed by intensive exercise that consists of 25 – 30 multiple questions and 15 rewrite questions. 5- Language functions topic of the unit. After each unit is completed, a model exam based on the same unit is given to the students in order to evaluate their success or failure. Periodic Revision Is conducted for the purpose of memorizing the most important current studied topics with the following rate: After each 2 units. Total periodic test: 8 tests After each 4 units. Total periodic test: 4 tests. After each 8 units. Total periodic test: 2 tests. The total number of periodic tests during the year is 14 ones. Final Revision Is conducted after finishing the study of the curriculum and at least two months before the final exam. Students are supposed to practice and solve the previous exams and the ministry model exams and other evaluation tests that aim to remind the students with the main topics. The total number of complete exams during the revision phase is 26 ones. New A cassette tape for each student contains the new vocabulary of the curriculum by units (800 words). It was made using the native tongue of the language. It is designed for home training on listening skills that leads to facilitate vocabulary memorizing. To listen to a sample, click here Enrolment It is done through calling the number: 012 821 0582 (Egypt) 9 am to 11 pm. Or through the e-mail safelife@yahoo.com by sending the phrase, (I would like to register in your course), including the student's name and phone number so that I can contact you and confirm your enrolment. Paying for the course (70 pounds monthly including the materials) starts at the first session of the main curriculum, not the preparations phase (Free). The priority of enrolment is based on the precedence of the phone calls, so we stop receiving any calls or e-mails after completion of the required numbers of students that don't exceed 10 students for each group. Separate groups are for girls and other are for boys. Other Services Final revision groups How good you are at English Free Service It is my pleasure to offer my help free to the students of all educational levels in solving the questions that they see as difficult in their homework of English language subject. Just send your question to my e-mail: safelife@yahoo.com, so I can reply to you with the model answer. Contact us
If I put all these links on this page, will they be crawled quicker? http://www.train-ease.com http://www.train-ease.com/site_map.html http://www.train-ease.com/news.html http://www.train-ease.com/home.html http://www.train-ease.com/contact_us.html http://www.train-ease.com/privacy_policy.html http://www.train-ease.com/about_us.html http://www.train-ease.com/team.html http://www.train-ease.com/careers.html http://www.train-ease.com/testimonials.html http://www.train-ease.com/studies.html http://www.train-ease.com/login.html http://www.train-ease.com/lms.html http://www.train-ease.com/elearning.html http://www.train-ease.com/learning_solutions.html http://www.train-ease.com/assessments.html http://www.train-ease.com/graphic_design.html http://www.train-ease.com/instructional_design.html http://www.train-ease.com/performance_consulting.html http://www.train-ease.com/executive_coaching.html http://www.train-ease.com/survey_tools.html
for that ones that helped me in my home work here is my journal and marks from my teacher? The most difficult part of my journal is; that I dont want do thist homework just like any other school proyect , (STUDY WITH THE PROPOSIT TO USE IN MY WORK MOST) I want this to be a commitment for life. Use in my work but implement in my life also.This is wonderful. I know you are committed to learning and willing to grow and change. I remember the first class of developing capable people. I was very receptive to what the teacher had to say; she would say something like, "We can prepare to deal with the changes that come in life." That was very interesting to me. I had struggled for a long time to adapt to life in a new country with a very different culture, different language, and I had no family or friends to support me. In addition, the challenges also of a different language, no family or friends to support me while at the same time recovering from my separation from an abusive relationship. (Cause of Low self esteem). Now that I am going to be working with PERCEPTIONS OF PERSONAL CAPABILITY, I have confidence in my ability to learn and succeed in life. You have a very positive attitude. Before, when I was in Mexico, I was working as a Human Resources Manager and I was training teachers working with groups of a hundred people or more. I did not feel capable in Canada because I could not find a job. I found it difficult to succeed in school because I am a single mom with three kids and could not find the time.Now I have the capacity to feel capable and be capable, I have the attitude and outlook to start my new life. This moment will mark the end of my old life and the start of a new and better one. Throughout the learning process, I will be very careful to offer encouragement and do my best to aid the development of self confidence and personal competency in other people, by showing them how I interact like my own kids and others. It is so important to be a positive role model. You can influence others more than you may be aware. I will make it my aim to give special attention to avoid the barriers created by making assumptions. I will be cautious of assessing a situation too quickly, being too assertive or expecting too much from the people involved. I realize that it is important to practice the right way to give them the opportunity to realize the issues, EXPLORE ALTERNATIVES, ENCORAGE (ENCOURAGE) COOPERATION, and MAKING PROGRESS AND MAINTAINING RESPECT AT EACH STAGE. I become conscious that the way I was talking to my kids need to be improved in many ways. Is very important knowing the five elements of perception influences beliefs, attitudes, motivation and behavior? Practicing the what, why and how. now I procure to show interst in their conversations and helping them to verbalizes what happens when they describe something, This had being not a easy task because I need to have present the purpose of what I am doing before I just demand to clarify what was wrong in give some discipline like time out and logical consequences. But now I use more the PERCEPTION CHECK QUESTIONS, SIGNIFICANT; what happened? , ANALYZING; how you feel about this? GENERALIZING; what are some behaviors that might be more effective next time? This is excellent. Perception of personal significance. My life has meaning and purpose, and I am genuinely needed. When we study this part personally I didnt have any problem to feel my life is significant, actually I feel very significant in the life of my kids. But I never realize how much we can make their life significant also, Yes! I always showed love and affection very open, and often. But know I start saying how significant is what they do for me. I give the opportunity to do something to feel significant, I remember one morning my girl 7 years old she say mammy I want to learn to use the watcher (washing) machine to help me, I usually dont like they help me with house work, but I did, she fine (found) that task fun and I talked her how significant was for me what she did, I see her eyes so brilliant of satisfaction because she did something for me like adult work. Wonderful! I procure have present (I will try) to let them know every little thing they do are is significant in the life of others. Today my little one (5 year old) talked how she was helping her foster brother (3 years old) in day care when he struggles to put his on shoes. my older daughter say her friends cry two times today in the school is a child the recently her grandmother died, in and I ask her if she did something to make her feel better , she answer yes , she help her distracting her with conversation and inviting her to do something different of what they was doing. I mention her how important was for her friend what my daughter did. This is really wonderful. PERCEPTION OF PERSONAL POWER I have the power to control my life. I am not a victim of lock or fate. I can spend all my life complaining about how hard is to live in other country by my self, and saying that I was this and this, but that is not going to take me anywhere, I know what I have to do and I am working in that, studying to prepare for be able to work as a educational assistant and learn better English to update my curriculum , I want to see that , with my new course I am taking will allow me to be working at the same time that my kids are in the school and when they don't demand to much from me I hoping be able to be professional psychology like I was in my country and work in that field because is something the a really like. I also learn to give some power to my kids and I am planning to practices in my work with the student I will be working. Yes! One of the must important charter of this curses (course) is DEVELOPING SELF DISCIPLINE, is very important for me because after try some many times to fine a job to learn English to be a mom and dad, I get tired and start do just what I can, but ending doing not to much, I know I can do more and better but need to plan and organizes my goals for doing I will need to put all my will, discipline and perseveration. For that reason I am making a calendar with all the aspects I have to improve from the curse I take DEVELOPING CAPABLE PEOPLE The discipline I will use in my interaction with kids will be more like I need to play with them (Kids), no taking they to play. They are learning their on way about discipline when they do something wrong and that came with logical consequences. But I explain is you choices what are you going to have. My new journey to begin based on love, respect and integrity I will carry out with will perseverance and determination. Dedicated with love to my children Paula, Vanessa and William. Aurora, What a pleasure it was to read your paper. I can tell you have given very serious thought to the principles of the DCP course. Thank you for sharing your insights and ideas. I enjoyed working with you very much and I appreciated your participation in our class. I knew I could always count on you for comments. I hope we have an opportunity to meet in person. I wish you good luck in your career as an EA. All the best to you, Paula, Vanessa and William. You will receive a "Pass" for the DCP course. Regards, Erin
Question about after BMT?? I'm considering the Air Force or maybe the Army, but I have some questions. So, lets say you do the basic training, what happens next, I know or at least think you go to the Military's College and study whatever career you choose, but do you go straight to the tech. school, and not go home for a couple of days to celebrate your graduation with your friends or family? Or after the BMT, you head straight off to tech or college? Thank you.
help getting back too work? i have 2 boys aged 18 months and 3. The eldest is at school part time and my hubby works full time. Before i had the boys i was a restaurant supervisor and but did alot of management where i worked as well just without the pay or title. I have 10 gsce's c or above and nvq 2 and 3 in hospitality and catering supervision. I basically want to use this opportunity to train for a good career for when my kids are at school. (away from catering and hospitality preferably) I cannot afford expensive courses and would like to study from home. I am 25 and kelly not david. does anyone have any ideas?
What should I be when I grow up? Ok... Agreed. It sounds silly, but I don't know the answer. I am fifty years old. I have secretarial training, was once liscensed as a Traditional Dental Assistant, have worked as a teacher's assistant, and have worked as a nurses' aid. I have raised and home schooled seven children, although this year I am taking sabatical as a home schooling mom. I am presently enrolled in college online studying to become a paralegal. Although this is very interesting to me, I'm not sure I am in the best location geographically (very rural here) to make good use of a degree in that field. I am curious as all get out. I love to learn. I love to interact with people. I love researching and digging up information. I also like quiet environments, am not overly active, am actually quite shy, and enjoy my freedom. What would be a good career option for me at this age? I understand that I could volunteer, but I'd like to make some money. Thanks for all of your original ideas. You are all so kind to answer (4 so far). This is for Alan especially: (Two of my favorite places!) http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v689/kid-z/MaineSunrise.jpg http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v689/kid-z/IMG_0110.jpg Only four days left to go, and I still don't know the answer. You have all been very helpful, though. Definitely I need to follow my heart. But, where is my heart leading me?
I am seriously looking into buying a capuchin monkey. Any advise? Ever since i was a little girl i have been a huge animal lover an im actually studying to become a zoologist. I want to work with monkeys so i would like the hands on experience with one. Im actually 14 by the way. haha!! but i really feel i could take care of a baby monkey an be a responsible guaridan to it. My mom is also a stay at home mom so when i go to school she would have it. i have read alot about them an many people say not to get one because the take alot of caring an responsibility and i dont like how they get the monkeys(taking them from there mothers) but i feel it would help me further my career with training an studing monkeys. Koko is my idol, too!! But please help me with some good advise!! Thanks!!
Help!!!!!!!??? Multiple Choice!!!??? 1)Which of these sources of consumer information could you rely on to be the least biased? (A) salespeople (B) the better Business Bureau (C) media sources (D) advertising (2) Gina has a high school diploma but no further education or job training.She would most likely to find a job at the (A) technical level (B) entry level (C) professional level (D) all of these (3) Bobs dream is to become a home builder. He would like to attend classes to study electrical writing , but also wishes to get some hands-on training. Bob's career plans could benifit most from (A) an internship (B) a distance education program (C) an apprenticeship (D) telecommuting. (4) Vince plans to go to colledge to become a clinical pschologist. He could likely save money on his college tuition if he (A) attends college at a state school in his home state (B) maintains a high GPA and recieves high test scores (C) successfully completes advanced placement courses (D) all of these
What should I do ,my husband doesnt want to work? my husband and I have been married for a year and half, we both live with my parents since we are unable to move out on our own and my parents doesnt mind since im in nursing school, my husband left his job to persue his career as truck driver all training paid for by the company but he didnt go after learning that the compant was scam and he decided to look another job and go to technical school, im working full time and going to school full time to pay the bills and save my husband does nothing just play video game and chill with his low life friends he tells me everyday that he is looking and he is studying to get into the trucking school but it seems to me that every night i get home he is either watching a movie or playing video games whenever i ask him about looking a job or school he get defensive and upset even when im being nice, my husband is a great guy and have had a crazy childhood he had no encouragement but i have been pushing him for years im 21 and he's 27 help!!!!!! he has been spending his money on games and movies and hanging with low life friends and he think he is just comfortable because we live with our parent in a huge house there is food and not much bills
Would you support a law mandating a gender role specifc education and societal system? what I mean is that boys would be learning how to build and fix things and other tradionally male things and girls would take home economics classes and learning about what a woman should be. career choices would be segregated based on sex. Males working as a fashion designer or any other traditonally female job would be sent to specialed training schools to learn a traditonally male job and females who are in a traditonally male job would also be re-trained to adopt a more feminine job. gays and lesbians would be sent to ex gay ministries in an effort to change their sexual orientation. Bible study classes would be offered to the students and adults at local churches. those who participate will not have to pay taxes. those who would refuse to participate in the gender role education or training would be taxed heavily and be expelled from school or be fired from their job. do you think a law like this will bring harmony and normalcy back to america?
Commuting to NYC for grad school...from PA!? I'm thinking about applying to grad school in NYC. I live in Lancaster, PA. The classes meet every other weekend on Saturday and Sunday. Do you think it's unrealistic for me to drive 2 hours to NJ on a Friday night, stay overnight at my mother's house, then take the train for an hour each way on Sat & Sun for classes, the back to PA on Sunday night? I figured it would be a good time to study (on the train and at my mom's house). I'm 37, I have a son in elementary school, I'm married, and I work freelance. I worry that I'd be biting off more than I could chew. I really want to take this program because it's unique and would bring my career to new heights. But, it's a tough call for me to make and I'd like to hear other's opinions. I don't want to neglect my son and my home. And my husband! But, this would be a great opportunity for me. Thoughts?
teachers should accept that tenure has outlived its usefulness? Last week I went shopping in our small rural hometown, where my family has attended the same public schools since 1896. Without exception, all six generations of us — whether farmers, housewives, day laborers, business people, writers, lawyers, or educators — were given a good, competitive K-12 education. But after a haircut, I noticed that the 20-something cashier could not count out change. The next day, at the electronic outlet store, another young clerk could not read — much less explain — the basic English of the buyer’s warranty. At the food market, I listened as a young couple argued over the price of a cut of tri-tip — unable to calculate the meat’s real value from its price per pound. As another school year is set to get under way, it’s worth pondering where this epidemic of ignorance came from. Our presidential candidates sense the danger of this dumbing down of American society and are arguing over the dismal status of contemporary education: poor graduation rates, weak test scores, and suspect literacy among the general population. Politicians warn that America’s edge in global research and productivity will disappear, and with it our high standard of living. Yet the bleak statistics — whether a 70-percent high-school graduation rate as measured in a study a few years ago by the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, or poor math rankings in comparison with other industrial nations — come at a time when our schools inflate grades and often honor multiple valedictorians at high school graduation ceremonies. Aggregate state and federal education budgets are high. Too few A’s, too few top awards, and too little funding apparently don’t seem to be our real problems. Of course, most critics agree that the root causes for our undereducated youth are not all the schools’ fault. Our present ambition to make every American youth college material — in a way our forefathers would have thought ludicrous — ensures that we will both fail in that utopian goal and lack enough literate Americans with critical vocational skills. The disintegration of the American nuclear family is also at fault. Too many students don’t have two parents reminding them of the value of both abstract and practical learning. What then can our elementary and secondary schools do, when many of their students’ problems begin at home or arise from our warped popular culture? We should first scrap the popular therapeutic curriculum that in the scarce hours of the school day crams in sermons on race, class, gender, drugs, sex, self-esteem, or environmentalism. These are well-intentioned efforts to make a kinder and gentler generation more sensitive to our nation’s supposed past and present sins. But they only squeeze out far more important subjects. The old approach to education saw things differently than we do. Education (“to lead out” or “to bring up”) was not defined as being “sensitive” to, or “correct” on, particular issues. It was instead the rational ability to make sense of the chaotic present through the abstract wisdom of the past. So literature, history, math and science gave students plenty of facts, theorems, people, and dates to draw on. Then training in logic, language, and philosophy provided the tools to use and express that accumulated wisdom. Teachers usually did not care where all that training led their students politically — only that their pupils’ ideas and views were supported with facts and argued rationally. What else can we do to restore such traditional learning before the United States loses it global primacy? To encourage our best minds to become teachers, we should also change the qualifications for becoming one. Students should be able to pursue careers in teaching either by getting a standard teaching credential or by substituting a master’s degree in an academic subject. That way we will eventually end up with more instructors with real academic knowledge rather than prepped with theories about how to teach. And once hired, K-12 teachers should accept that tenure has outlived its usefulness. Near-guaranteed lifelong employment has become an archaic institution that shields educators from answerability. And tenure has not ensured ideological diversity and independence. Nearly the exact opposite — a herd mentality — presides within many school faculties. Periodic and renewable contracts — with requirements, goals and incentives — would far better ensure teacher credibility and accountability. Athletics, counseling and social activism may be desirable in schools. But they are not crucial. Our pay scales should reflect that reality. Our top classroom teachers should earn as much as — if not more than — administrators, bureaucrats, coaches, and advisers. Liberal education of the type my farming grandfather got was the reason why the United States grew wealthy, free, and stable. But without it, the nation of his great-grandchildren will become poor, docile, and insecure.
Any careers ideas for me? I have a 2:1 degree in Ancient and Medieval History (2001). I originally wanted to work in the museums/heritage sector. It has never helped me get a job. I applied for loads of history related jobs but the competition is so fierce I rarely even got to interview stage - plus was additionally held back by my not being bilingual with Welsh (I live in Wales). The village where I live recently had an opening for a heritage officer. I aplpied and didn't even get shortlisted for interview! I guess there was too much competition, I don't know. I've done several dead end office jobs and callcentre jobs and am now at home with my 11 month old baby. I need to start thinking about finding work but I have no idea what to look for. I feel I should get some training or further study but can't afford to fund it. I have very little confidence as far as applying for jobs. I need some feasible ideas of what I could do.
More Random facts? • Steve Austin is a big time antiques collector! • One of the band members who did DeGeneration X's theme song if Triple H's real life brother. • Test (Andrew Martin) was trained by Bret "The Hitman" Hart. • Brian Christopher and Scott Taylor were scheduled to have a gay marriage as a part of a storyline at a PPV, but Jerry Lawler, Brian Christopher's father strongly objected. • Kane (Glen Jacobs) was born in Madrid, Spain. • Edge (Adam Copeland) is actually engaged to Val Venis's sister. • Kane (Glen Jacobs) has a degree in English and Teaching. • Former WWF superstar, Tito Santana owns a hair salon in Roxbury, New Jersey. • Prior to joining the WWF, Hardcore Holly (Robert Howard) worked as a full-time welder. • Bret "The Hitman" Hart owns a professional hockey team known as The Calgary Hitmen. • Shane Douglas and Headbanger Mosh have licenses to teach! • Jerry Lawler and The Honky Tonk Man are cousins! • Shawn Michaels is a huge fan of country singer, Garth Brooks! • Bradshaw used to compete in the NFL, but had to retire due to a knee injury. • Rocky Maivia is a skilled light tackle salt water fisherman. • Along with Chyna and Hunter Hearst Helmsley, Perry Saturn was also trained by Killer Kowalski. • Jimmy Hart composes most of the WCW stars' entrance theme songs. • Colonel Robert Parker (Tennessee Lee in the WWF) used to wrestle under the name of Robert Fuller before retiring and becoming a manager. • D-Lo Brown is a Certified Public Accountant! • Vader knows how to play the piano! • The Bushwhackers own a restaurant and it's called "The Bushwhackers Down Under!" It's located in the Tampa Bay area of Florida. • Jerry "The King" Lawler is a die hard Cleveland Indians fan! • Marc Mero won three New York State golden gloves in boxing before entering pro wrestling. • Ahmed Johnson used to play football for the Dallas Cowboys. • Chris Chetti was the first man to graduate from ECW's School of Hardcore. • Kevin Nash played Super Shredder in "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2" the movie. • X-Pac is a computer whiz! • Duke "The Dumpster" Droese loves to do imitations and his best one is none other than Vince McMahon! • Steve Austin is also good at doing impressions. His best is none other than Eric Bischoff! • Brian Pillman played two years of football for The Cincinatti Bengals! • Before entering the WWF, Rena Mero was a model for Guess Jeans wear. • Before she married Brian Pillman, Melanie Pillman went out with Jim Hellwig (The Ultimate Warrior). • Brian Lee (Chainz) was the best man at Mark Callaway's (The Undertaker) wedding. • Greg "The Hammer" Valentine, Marty Jannetty, and Blitzkreig have all used The Hollywood Blondes' theme music. • Scott Hall agreed to be the best man at Justin Credible's wedding but failed to contact him in the weeks before the ceremony and ultimately no-showed. • Roddy Piper announced that his last wrestling match would be at WrestleMania III against Adrian Adonis. • Terry Funk first announced his retirement in 1983. • In 1995, Marcus Bagwell had calf implants which leaked and he had them removed. • Vince McMahon, Jr. wanted to become a wrestler, but his father, the late Vince McMahon Sr. strictly forbid him in doing so. • Before breaking into wrestling, Jerome Young (New Jack) worked as a bounty hunter. • Tom "Dynamite Kid" Billington despises his cousin Davey Boy Smith so much, he can't bring himself to say his name. • During one drinking session, Andre The Giant downed 119 bottles of beer. • Barry Windham's father, Blackjack Mulligan served time for counterfeiting. • Cactus Jack & Terry Funk were originally scheduled to face the New Age Outlaws in a Barbed Wire Match at WrestleMania XIV, but the PPV people forbid them to do it, hence the Dumpster Match. • Back when the ECW/WWF angle was going on, the WWF was going to hold a live Raw from the ECW Arena, despite it's size. This idea was nixed however. • Back in the 1980's Hulk Hogan's opponents were banned from mentioning his receding hair line in interviews. • Stan Lane was once billed as Stan Flair because people thought he resembled Ric Flair. • All Japan Pro Wrestling hasn't fed it's fans a count-out or a disqualification in over five years. • Shawn Michaels is married to former Nitro Girl, Whisper! • Marc Mero didn't leave WCW over money issues. He left because of the angle he was in where he was involved with another man's wife. • Larry Zbyszko is a licensed pilot. • Sid once backed down from a fight with Brian Pillman in a hotel bar, retreated to his car to arm himself with a weapon with which to defend himself and returned clutching a squeegee. • Ted Dibase was once the Mid-South North American Heavyweight Champion. • World Championship Wrestling was once called Georgia Championship Wrestling. • In many of his WrestleMania matches Randy Savage would foreshadow the result of his bout by the color hat he wore to the ring. Two examples: 1 when he wrestled the Ultimate Warrior at WMVII as a heel and left as a babyface, he entered the ring wearing a white hat. 2. when he defeated Ric Flair at WMVIII to take the WWF strap, he wore a gold costume. • Hulk Hogan agreed to drop the world title to the Ultimate Warrior at WrestleMania VI because he was planning on retiring and wanted to pass the torch on to his babyface successor so he wouldn't have to come back and get "revenge" on a heel for his fans.*Hogan forced McMahon to give him the strap at the end of WMIX by threatening to no-show his tag earlier on the show with Brutus Beefcake against IRS & Ted Dibiase. • WrestleMania VII was moved from the Rose Bowl to the Sports Arena in Los Angeles because Vince McMahon feared a sniper might try and take out lead heel Sgt. Slaughter, playing the role of a Iraqi sympathizer during the Gulf War. • Apparently feeling he had nothing to lose, Sid Justice doublecrossed Vince McMahon by kicking out of Hogan's legdrop at WMVIII. Sid had been caught cheating on a drug test a few weeks earlier and was going to be suspended. Sid's manager, Harvey Whippleman (who is said to have supplied Sid with the false urine sample that WWF official Dave Hebner found Sid carrying in a vile) reacted quickly, jumping into the ring and getting his man disqualified before all hell broke loose. • McMahon wanted a Flair-Hogan main event for WMVIII, but before Flair surprisingly was unable to re-up on a contract with WCW, McMahon signed Sid with the promise he would wrestle Hogan at the next WM. So, McMahon went with a double main event of Hogan-Sid and Flair-Savage. • Prior to WMX, McMahon had Lex Luger come out with the world belt for a television taping, scheduled to air after the pay-per-view. Either planning a swerve all along or changing his mind after word got out, McMahon had Bret Hart win the three-way tournament between Hart, Luger and Yokozuna. • In 1994, WCW used to hire paid models and actors to sit in the audience to cheer and boo their wrestlers because the audience was usually dead for their shows. • When WCW did the World Wide show, they used to have a monitor to tell the audience who to cheer and who to boo. One one occasion when Rick Rude and the Equalizer (the "heels") came out, the audience accidentally cheered for them and WCW had to reshoot their entrance over again. • When Shawn Michaels was attacked outside of a nightclub by approximately 10 "thugs" (actually it was by a marine group), Shawn was accompanied by Davey Boy Smith and Sean Waltman (1-2-3 Kid). Shawn tried to be the brave one and he ended up suffering for it. • The WWF says that the Dynamite Kid left the WWF and retired because of an injury. Actually, the Kid still wrestles in England and the real reason he left was because of a locker room fight with him and Jacques Rougeau. The Bulldog opted to keep contact with the WWF and because of that and other reasons, the Bulldog and the Dynamite Kid haven't spoken in years. • On May 11, 1987, Kevin Von Erich collapsed in the middle of the ring during an eight-man bout pitting him, The Fantastics, and Bruiser Brody against Brian Adias, Black Bart, Al Madril, and Al Perez. Fantastic Tommy Rogers, seeing Von Erich turning blue, administers cardiopulmonary resuscitation. • Bam Bam Bigelow was chosen as the opponent for Lawrence Taylor at WMXI because he was the WWF's best big man worker. Bigelow says that as payment for doing the job he was promised a big babyface push down the road. That didn't happen as The Cliq (not fans of Bam Bam) began gaining political power, and Bigelow wasn't with the company very much longer. • The Undertaker is undefeated at WrestleMania's. His record as of right now is 9-0. • Prior to entering the squared circle, Steve Corino worked in a milk processing plant in Philadelphia. • Elektra was once married to Big Dick Dudley. • Washington Redskins head coach George Allen once offered Andre the Giant a contract to play professional football. • Hulk Hogan and Ric Flair's first match took place in October 1991 with the "Nature Boy" winning the contest. • J.J. Dillon thought of the Model gimmick for Rick Martel. • Rick Martel is a gourmet chef. • The Warlord (real name Terry Szopinski) was forced to retire following a 1996 car accident involving a Pizza Hut delivery carrier. A lawsuit is depending. • DDP credits Bobby "The Brain" Heenen for coming up with the name Diamond cutter. • Spike Dudley is a former third grade teacher from Rhode Island before getting into the wrestling business. • Kurt Angle's wife is a former stripper. • In the summer of 1995, Kurt Angle failed in a tryout to make the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League. • Al Snow is well trained in martial arts, mat grappling, free style, hardcore, and shoot-fight wrestling. • Shawn Michaels and Marty Jannetty won the WWF tag team title from Bret Hart and Jim Neidhart in October of 1990 at a taping for Saturday Night's Main Event. Neidhart had been fired and was filling contractual obligations, which including jobbing the tag titles to another team. In what should have been a minor point, the top rope broke at one point during the match. The Rockers defended the titles for a week after that, but then Neidhart was re-hired by the WWF, and Vince McMahon decided that the title change never actually happened, in one of the goofier decisions of the 90s, and one of many to affect the careers of Shawn and Bret. As an explanation, a story was sent to Pro Wrestling Illustrated about the rope break causing an "unfair working environment" for both teams, and hence the title reign was annulled. This was simply to cover up for the fact that they reported the title change as fact a week prior and needed a reason to no longer report it as such. The title change was edited out of the Main Event broadcast, and thus went down in history that the Rockers never had the belt. • From 1986-1989 Ric Flair averaged 34 minutes per-match. In that span he had 19 matches that lasted longer than 50 minutes. • The Rock's wife Dany is the Associate Vice President of Merrill Lynch. • Leatherface caused the scar on Mick Foley's left arm. • Hulk Hogan earned 1.8 million dollars with his match up against Randy Macho Man Savage at Wrestlemania 5. • Buff Bagwell, before becoming a wrestler was a model, exotic dancer and acted in a few Soft Porn flicks. • The Peoples Eyebrow was first named the "Heat Brow". The Rock called it that in college, but he changed the name do to the fact that the name didn't catch on. • D'Lo Brown began his career as the "head of security" for the Gangstas in Smokey Mountain Wrestling. He later debuted in the WWF as one of the many members of Faarooq's Nation of Domination entourage. • Former Nitro Girl Fyre (Teri Byrne) attended Arizona State University, and used to be a mortgage home broker. • Rick Rude was trained by Eddie Sharkey, who also trained the Road Warriors, Barry Darsow, and Nikita Koloff. • The British Bulldog (Davey Boy Smith) paid the WWF $100,000 to get out of his contract to leave for WCW. • The orginial Midnight Express was a six man tag team in Alabama, consisting of Dennis Condrey, Randy Rose, and Norvell Austin. • Mark Henry and Pittsburgh Steeler Kevin Henry are cousins. • Jerry Jarrett brought Rick Rude to Memphis, and gave him the nickname "Ravishing." • ECW's Dawn Marie appeared in the original Austin Powers MTV special as one of the go-go dancers and actually had a couple of speaking lines. • Gorgeous George, real name Stephanie Bellars, spent jail time as a teenager for burglaziring a home and slashing a girl's face with a broken beer bottle. • "Hacksaw" Jim Duggan got the idea of bringing a 2x4 to the ring from the movie, "Walking Tall." • Jim Hellwig (The Warrior) studied to be a chiropractor in Atlanta. • Demolition Ax (Bill Eadie) is a former school teacher. • Two days before WrestleMania 9, Hogan was injured in a jet-ski accident. That explains the shiner he had when he wrestled at WrestleMania 9. • Roddy Piper was Ric Flair's best man. • Before becoming a wrestler, Val Venis used to race motocross. • The Big Bossman was a prison guard in Georgia. • Randy Savage was trained by his father, Angelo Poffo. • Dusty Rhodes played college football at West Texas. • Verne Gagne trained Ricky "The Dragon" Steamboat. • Lex Luger played college football at Penn State. • Meng once wrestled as jobbber Larry Hurst. • Johnny Ace once dated former adult film star Seka. • Madusa is an accomplished singer. • The original idea for UPN's Smackdown! was for an all women wrestling show. • Kevin Nash was a doorman/bouncer at a Michigan night club before entering the wrestling business. • Disco Inferno was released from his WCW contract in '97 after refusing to do the job for Jacquelyn (now Jacky in the WWF). He returned to the promotion later in the year only after agreeing to wrestle her. However, Ted Turner had a 'no man against woman violence' clause on his networks. So Disco had to avoid making physical contact with her throughout the entire match. • Linda McMahon is a laywer. • Bad News Brown used the name "The Ultimate Warrior" before Jim Hellwig. • "Sweet" Stan Lane is the only wrestler ever trained by Ric Flair. • Del Wilkes sold the rights to the Patriot gimmick to Tom Brandi. • Simon Diamond was a catcher on the Virginia Commonwealth baseball team for three years but then he got hurt and that ended his baseball career. He did eventually go back to college and get his degree in English. • Bruce Hart gave Wayne Farris The Honkey Tonk Man name. • Chyna is fully licensed to compete in boxing. • The WWF considered giving Dustin Rhodes a "Gunslinger" gimmick, before coming up with Goldust. • Rikishi has a brother that wrestles as Fatu in Japan. • Jimmy Hart thought of the 3 Count gimmick. • Jimmy Hart and Jerry Lawler attended the same high school in Memphis (not at the same time). • Prior to WrestleMania IV, USA Today got a copy of the post-WrestleMania WWF Magazine which listed Randy Savage as champion before the tournament (where Savage beat Dibiase in the finals) took place. McMahon publicly referred to it as a coincidence. • The Ultimate Warrior left the WWF in 1991 because he and Vince McMahon did not come to terms on his future role...Warrior wanted to be in the title situation but the WWF saw differently...in 1992, the Warrior disappeared again because he did not want to get involved in a second-rate feud with Nailz. • In 1991, Ric Flair was fired/quit WCW. He showed up in the WWF soon thereafter holding the WCW title and claimed to be the "Real World's champion." The reason he was able to leave the company with the title is because he owned that title. WCW later bought it back from Flair for reportedly $75,000. • On May 26, 1987, Hacksaw Jim Duggan and the Iron Sheik were arrested by N.J. State police. Duggan was charged with possession of marijuana and drinking alcohol while driving. Sheik was charged with possession of marijuana and cocaine. Duggan received a conditional discharge and Sheik received one year probation. • On July 4, 1989, Davey Boy Smith, Jason the Terrible, and Chris Benoit were injured in a head-on automobile accident in Jasper, Alberta. Smith suffered a cracked vertebrae in his back and needed a hundred stitches in his head after being thrown through the windshield of the car. Jason suffers 2 fractures in his left leg. Benoit suffers an injured right knee. That before Mark Henry joined the WWE ,he was actually sponsored by Titan Sports during the 1996 Olympic's in which he compeated in the sport of weight lifting Mark Henry and Pittsburgh Steeler Kevin Henry are cousins Gorgeous George (real name Stephanie Ballars) ,spent jail time as a teenager for burglaziring a home and slashing a girl's face with a broken beer bottle. Eddie Guerrero's father Gori invented the camel clutch. Terry Funk is Jason Harvey's Godfather. Ryan Shamrock's real name is Alesha Webb and she is a top less dancer form Houston ,Texas The WWE's first pick for the Mr Perfect gimmick was Terry Tayor Former Freebird Jimmy Garvin is now an airline pilot. D'Lo Brown began his career as "the head of security" for the gangstas in the smoke mountain wrestling.He later made his debut in the WWE as a member of the nation of Domination. Nitro Girl Fyre attended Arizona State University and used to be a mortgage home broker. The Warlord (real name Terry Szopinski) was force to retire from wrestling following a car accident in 1996 ECW'S Dawn Marie appeared in the original Austin Powers MTV sepecial as one of the go-go dancers and actually had a couple of speaking lines. Chris Chetti was the first man to graduate from ECW's House of Hardcore wrestling school Taz and Chris Chetti are cousins. Paul Wight played college basketball at Wichita State Nicole Bass's married name is Fuchs. Jerry Jarrett brought Rick Rude to Memphis and give him the nickname "Ravishing" Rick Rude still held half of the NWA Tag team title when he signed with the WWE (The NWA later claimed that The Rock 'n' Roll Express won back thous titles in a match that never took place) Rick Rude was for a short time managed by his sister Raven. Rude was the only foreign talent to make the finals of G-1 Tournament in Japan. That before Mark Henry joined the WWE ,he was actually sponsored by Titan Sports during the 1996 Olympic's in which he compeated in the sport of weight lifting Mark Henry and Pittsburgh Steeler Kevin Henry are cousins Gorgeous George (real name Stephanie Ballars) ,spent jail time as a teenager for burglaziring a home and slashing a girl's face with a broken beer bottle. Eddie Guerrero's father Gori invented the camel clutch. Terry Funk is Jason Harvey's Godfather. Ryan Shamrock's real name is Alesha Webb and she is a top less dancer form Houston ,Texas The WWE's first pick for the Mr Perfect gimmick was Terry Tayor Former Freebird Jimmy Garvin is now an airline pilot. D'Lo Brown began his career as "the head of security" for the gangstas in the smoke mountain wrestling.He later made his debut in the WWE as a member of the nation of Domination. Nitro Girl Fyre attended Arizona State University and used to be a mortgage home broker. The Warlord (real name Terry Szopinski) was force to retire from wrestling following a car accident in 1996 ECW'S Dawn Marie appeared in the original Austin Powers MTV sepecial as one of the go-go dancers and actually had a couple of speaking lines. Chris Chetti was the first man to graduate from ECW's House of Hardcore wrestling school Taz and Chris Chetti are cousins. Paul Wight played college basketball at Wichita State Nicole Bass's married name is Fuchs. Jerry Jarrett brought Rick Rude to Memphis and give him the nickname "Ravishing" Rick Rude still held half of the NWA Tag team title when he signed with the WWE (The NWA later claimed that The Rock 'n' Roll Express won back thous titles in a match that never took place) Rick Rude was for a short time managed by his sister Raven. Rude was the only foreign talent to make the finals of G-1 Tournament in Japan. some facts are wrong! im sorry dude im not this geeky i always copy crap !!!! doesn't every one!
What do u think of my Research? I know it's too long but plz read it if u can and tell me what do u think of it and how much do u rate it from 1 - 100? Thank you so so MUCH!! The American Educational Reform in the 1800s American reform movements in the early to mid 1800's strived at improving our developing society. America was growing larger, and with the expanding population, many new ideas sprang up. Conflicting opinions between the people of the United States caused the emergence of an Age of Reform, where people tried to change things such as the educational system and women rights. These movements were the result of our nation's self-determination and interest in improving the society we live in. Education is really important to every country and every civilization and it's noticeable that "Education is the transmission of civilization." (Ariel and Will Durant, The Lessons of History, 1968) Education reform means to make education better by removing faults and defects. True educators are always thinking of more effective ways to enhance and democratize the way children learn. With the continuous change of growing population, economics, culture, family, and global communication, there has to be continuous educational reforms to keep the society abreast with these changes. Home education was so common in America that most children knew how to read before they entered school. As Ralph Walker has pointed out, "Children were often taught to read at home before they were subjected to the rigours of school. In middle-class families, where the mother would be expected to be literate, this was considered part of her duties." (Ralph Walker, Old Readers: In Early American Life, October, 1980, p. 54.) In the early 1800’s education in America grew and developed rapidly, largely because of the works of three very important men: Noah Webster, William McGuffey, and Horace Mann. These three men were catalysts for the growth of education throughout the nineteenth century, and without them the large strides America took during this time would not have occurred. These great men all shared one goal: to educate the youth of America as well as possible. The first American schools opened during the colonial era. As the colonies began to develop, many began to institute mandatory education schemes. In 1642 the Massachusetts Bay Colony made "proper" education compulsory. Similar statutes were adopted in other colonies in the 1640s and 1650s. Virtually all of the schools opened as a result were private. The nation's first institution of higher learning was Harvard University, opened in 1636. Most of the universities which opened between 1640 and 1750 form the contemporary Ivy League, including Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Brown, the University of Pennsylvania, and several others. After the American Revolution, the new national government passed the Land Ordinance of 1785, which set aside a portion of every township in the unincorporated territories of the United States for use in education. Public education in Massachusetts began when Horace Mann left his post as Senate president and became Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education in 1837. Mann did many things, but his main legacy was to convince people that public education was a public good that should be publicly funded. As a result, Massachusetts had the first system of public schools in the country. By 1860 the fruits of these efforts were impressive. The states were generally committed to providing free elementary education. For students who wished more than a grammar school education, there were 300 public high schools in the whole country, and almost 100 of these were in massachusetts. There were also about 6000 private academies, many of which charged only a small tuition to poor children. Colleges and universities were still small, few had over 100 students and ill equipped, but their numbers had increased since colonial times. Just as every instant city needed a newspaper and hotel, so it needed what was called a college. Julian Sturtevant, founder of Illinios College in 1830, said, "It was generally believed that one of the surest ways to promote the growth of a young city was to make it the seat of a college." (A History of the United States, p. 281) So before the Civil War 516 colleges were founded, many were little better and the private academies, but only 104 survived to the 1900s. The Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890 provided federal financial support to state universities. Many land-grant colleges and state universities were established through gifts of federal land to the states for the support of higher education. Financial support was extended to the universities and this in turn led to increased research. The Morrill Land-Grant Act of 1862 sparked the growth of state institutions offering curricula in agriculture and the mechanical arts. The act created a variety of institutional arrangements such as A & M colleges, and even allowed some private colleges to provide the new curriculum. Women have been equally discriminated against in American schools. Even in coeducational schools, practically no encouragement was given to the girls. For countless centuries, the role of the American female was in the home. Domestic responsibilities such as devoting time for the home, preparing meals, and caring for the family rested in the hands of females. Mothers taught their daughters' responsibilities in the home to prepare them for their future. In colonial days girls were taught the household arts but were not expected to learn to read and write. People thought that "book learning" would put an undue stress on their delicate minds and bodies. Progress came slowly and step by step. Women's education and career options, especially for the middle and upper classes, were aided by the founding of academies and seminaries for girls. In Massachusetts girls began to attend summer sessions of the public grammar schools in the late 1700s. "In 1821, Emma Willard established the Troy Female Seminary in New York, the first endowed educational institution for women in the United States." (Education, p, 3) In 1823, Catharine Beecher opened the Hartford Female Seminary and later founded seminaries in Cincinnati and Milwaukee. In 1837, Mary Lyon established the Mount Holyoke Seminary with a curriculum that emphasized domesticity, piety, and teaching. Mount Holyoke enrolled girls from both wealthy and poor families; it was the first institution to challenge class discrimination. By 1840 the efforts of reformers where showing results, and nearly all New England women could read and write. Finally in 1836 (200 years after Harvard College was founded for men) Wesleyan College in Georgia was chartered as the first college for woman. As years rolled by "women protested that they too should have a right to learn and that it is unfair that men could go to college and they can't." (Westward Expantion 1800-1880, Article, Pg 3) A new status for woman was "their opportunity for an adequated education and the right to speak out in public, would mean a richer life for all." (History of the United State, p.284) The rights of women seemed essential to a better America. "The brave reforming women that helped in education are our founding mothers of women education today." (Westward Expantion 1800-1880, Article, Pg 3) Because of racial discrimination, African Americans not only struggled to acquire an education but had to combat stereotypes concerning what type of education was most suitable for them. The 1800s witnessed important changes in their education. The education of blacks remained very low until President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. The Civil War and Reconstruction period had a profound effect on the education of blacks in the South. The Thirteenth Amendment ended slavery and the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments granted equal rights to freed slaves. Many sought to take advantage of their new freedoms, especially the opportunity to acquire an education. The reconstruction era witnessed major advances in segregated education for African Americans. Before the Civil War, education for blacks was practically non-existent in the South, and several southern states had laws against teaching slaves to read and write. Schools in the North were segregated. African American ingenuity and perseverance produced some notable exceptions. For instance, Milla Granson of Natchez, Mississippi, a slave who had learned to read and write from her master's children, operated a school late at night when her master slept and slaves had finished working in the fields. During the Civil War, both African American and white teachers began the arduous but rewarding task of educating southern blacks. Indeed, freedmen's education began in army camps. Many brave teachers such as "Mary S. Peake began teaching freed slaves at a Fort Virginia School in 1861. Susie King Taylor, a former slave who learned to read and write, taught black soldiers in the army." (African Americans: Freed People, p. 5) After the war, some white northern women used their education by moving south to teach the freed slaves. Laura Town was the first to do so; in 1862, she established the Penn School on the South Carolina Sea Islands, which she ran for forty years. The African American educator Charlotte Forten Grimke joined her. In her diary, Forten remarked "I never before saw children so eager to learn." Such was the case with most black children throughout the South. The number of black teachers increased as more African Americans became educated. The literacy rate was around 5% in the 1860s rose to 40% in 1890, but when many wealthy American men and woman, mostly from the North gave millions of dollars to help educate black people, the literacy rate by 1910 was at 70%. John D. Rockefeller an American industrialist and philanthropist, for example, "had contributed over $50 million, most of it to train more teachers for black schools." (History of the United States, p. 449) The South spent less money than other parts of the country on education of all kinds. And blacks there had to attend separate and inferior schools. But many black leaders did not agree about this situation. In 1881, an American educator, author and leader of the African American community, Booker T. Washington founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. There he trained thousands of blacks to be better farmers and mechanics, to make a good living, and to help build their communities. He did not want blacks to spend their efforts learning history, literature, foreign languages, science, and mathematics. Instead, he said that they should train quickly for jobs, and mostly for jobs they could do with their hands. Many who admired Booker T. Washington still did not agree with him because they did not want to wait for their rights. Twenty five years after Washington started his Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, a group met at Niagara Falls. Their black leader was W. E. B. Du Bois. He was born in Massachusetts after the Civil War, he studied at the University of Berlin in Germany and then received a Ph.D.degree from Harvard University in 1895. "He was the first African American to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard, was a professor at AtlantaUniversity and the leading black intellectual of his time." (Evitts,William. The Niagara Movement, p. 1) In 1905 the declaration by Du Bois's Niagara Movement expressed outrage. It demanded for blacks all their human rights, all their rights as Americans, and at once. It opposed all laws and all customs that treated blacks as if they were different from other people. And of course, it demanded the right to vote. As the United States entered the twentieth century, it had adopted a framework of publicly supported elementary and secondary schools and had seen a significant increase in the number of colleges and universities nationwide. The advancement in technology and learning methods has brought about a lot of change for the better in the public education. The American public school has always been looked upon as a system that inculcates the ideals of equality and freedom in the individual. It has changed historically according to the upheavals in the society.
Will someone Proofread this for me? The study of the mind, psychiatry, has in the last few years struck an interest within me. I wonder why we react differently when we face the same obstacles. For example, families with several children, raised by the same parents and in the same environment, yet turn out to be completely different individuals, sometimes very disturbed. The how, why and where of it all interests me. My immediate goal is to get my diploma and find out who I really am and what my soul desire truly is. I realize I have a deep desire to be of service to others. This is not a skill however, it’s just me. I do feel one of my strongest skills is my artistic ability. I have a taste for and enjoy a diverse selection of movies, music, and reading material. I enjoy studying photography, biology, along with human behavior. Psychiatrists treat patients who have mental illnesses and help diagnose them. They strive to find solutions for their patient's mental disorders. It can and usually does, involve counseling for the patient and sometimes their family as well. Medication can be prescribed to help with chemical imbalances; some of these are caused by their emotional problems. Sometimes even shock therapy is given. It can be a take home job much of the time. Psychiatrists do a lot of side work and research to expand their knowledge. Most keep updated on the latest data and new medications available. Sometimes psychiatrists deal with life or death situations and they need to know exactly how to react. This occupation requires an extensive amount of thinking and the ability to figure out problems. It is important to be able to focus, listen and process information. They have to be able to give positive feedback and come to a decision on how to treat each patient and disease. They especially need to have the ability to feel when something is wrong or likely to go wrong, this is imperative. To be empathetic yet not allowing emotions to overwhelm decision making is necessary. They will be treating people with mild cases of anxiety as well as those who have severe mental disorders this could require years of treatment and special training to help them cope. They are also physicians who also are trained to prescribe drugs and use shock therapy plus psychotherapy. To become a psychiatrist, first requires a four year college education with a B.S.degree and to complete the pre-medical curriculum. Many students will major in a science subject such as chemistry, but that is not a requirement. Some pre-psych undergraduates will major in psychology, for example. After completing the pre-medical program and graduating from college, the student will attend a four year medical program and earn an MD degree. The student will have to pass the first two stages of the medical license exam also. This qualifies the graduate for a preliminary medical license in every state. The student will then have to apply for a medical residency in psychiatry. This is a three year program. The student will work long hours and see a vast number of patients and become familiar with all of the diagnostic categories and current treatment methods, the residencies pay a small salary, just enough to live on. After completing the residency (actually, after completing a year or two of it, depending on the state), then passing the next stage of the license exam, the doctor is now ready to obtain a medical license. Many psychiatrists will then stay on for three more years of post-residency training called a fellowship, and be admitted as 'board-certified' psychiatrists. This demonstrates the highest level of training but is not necessary to practice. This outlook is very good for employment in this field. It varies by educational background and experience. It is a career expected to grow faster than the average for this occupation through 2014. There is a wide range of employment opportunities. There is a vast shortage in rural areas. Opportunities vary from institutional settings to teaching or writing books Because of a growing population needing their services and the expansion in the health-care industry this field is wide open for advancement. Also higher incomes, increasing life spans, and educational levels are spurring the demand. . This is an occupation that is satisfying because it allows the employee to use his strongest assets and abilities. It can give them a feeling of accomplishment. They can plan or pick their own hours to a large extent, especially if they own their own practice. The average pay first year is fairly good, approximately $180,000. This depends also however, on their skills and their ability to relate to their patients in a caring, compassionate manner... Having a sensitive, caring nature could make this an even more beneficial and rewarding career. Psychiatrists lead a respected profession. It is not a 9-5 job, with weekends free. The decisions involving the mental care of their patients are a big responsibility and could be very costly and devastating if the wrong decision is made. There is also a great risk involved when giving out drugs. There is always that possibility of the wrong medication given which could bring adverse effects, sometimes even death. The world today is sue happy, so if something goes wrong they are usually blamed. This career involves many years of education, which could be very costly. I am very interested in mental health and the care and well being of .individuals that need this assistance. I see a great need for those who are capable of helping troubled souls... Many of our disturbed youth are especially in need of some sort of mental assistance. I believe this field is wide open with possibilities. I know there is a growing need to have more compassionate, skilled, well trained, highly educated, individuals, in this field However, I now realize also, after my research, which becoming a psychiatrist is a very difficult career choice. Although, I still wish to have some sort of career in the mental health field, it may be this career choice is a bit much for me, I wonder… It is very important that every comma is placed correctly. I'm a sophmore in college prep English... I will admit English is definetley one of my weaknesses. I had to make a career research report Paragraph one: Why are you interested in this career? What are your goals, skills, and interests? Para 2 Explain the chacteristics of your career and responsibilities Para 3 What skills are necessary for this career? Para 4 What education and training do you need? Para 5 Explain the outlook for employment and salary Para 6 Advantages Para 7 Disadvantages Para 8 conclucsion breif summary. I'm currently making a C in there. This is worth 200 points. I get 10 points taken off for every comma misplacement....can someone help me? Cause I know there are many errors. Thanks so much.
plz comment on the following.? N R Narayana Murthy, chief mentor and chairman of the board, Infosys Technologies, delivered a pre-commencement lecture at the New York University (Stern School of Business) on May 9. It is a scintillating speech, Murthy speaks about the lessons he learnt from his life and career. We present it for our readers: Dean Cooley, faculty, staff, distinguished guests, and, most importantly, the graduating class of 2007, it is a great privilege to speak at your commencement ceremonies. I thank Dean Cooley and Prof Marti Subrahmanyam for their kind invitation. I am exhilarated to be part of such a joyous occasion. Congratulations to you, the class of 2007, on completing an important milestone in your life journey. After some thought, I have decided to share with you some of my life lessons. I learned these lessons in the context of my early career struggles, a life lived under the influence of sometimes unplanned events which were the crucibles that tempered my character and reshaped my future. I would like first to share some of these key life events with you, in the hope that these may help you understand my struggles and how chance events and unplanned encounters with influential persons shaped my life and career. Later, I will share the deeper life lessons that I have learned. My sincere hope is that this sharing will help you see your own trials and tribulations for the hidden blessings they can be. The first event occurred when I was a graduate student in Control Theory at IIT, Kanpur, in India. At breakfast on a bright Sunday morning in 1968, I had a chance encounter with a famous computer scientist on sabbatical from a well-known US university. He was discussing exciting new developments in the field of computer science with a large group of students and how such developments would alter our future. He was articulate, passionate and quite convincing. I was hooked. I went straight from breakfast to the library, read four or five papers he had suggested, and left the library determined to study computer science. Friends, when I look back today at that pivotal meeting, I marvel at how one role model can alter for the better the future of a young student. This experience taught me that valuable advice can sometimes come from an unexpected source, and chance events can sometimes open new doors. The next event that left an indelible mark on me occurred in 1974. The location: Nis, a border town between former Yugoslavia, now Serbia, and Bulgaria. I was hitchhiking from Paris back to Mysore, India, my home town. By the time a kind driver dropped me at Nis railway station at 9 p.m. on a Saturday night, the restaurant was closed. So was the bank the next morning, and I could not eat because I had no local money. I slept on the railway platform until 8.30 pm in the night when the Sofia Express pulled in. The only passengers in my compartment were a girl and a boy. I struck a conversation in French with the young girl. She talked about the travails of living in an iron curtain country, until we were roughly interrupted by some policemen who, I later gathered, were summoned by the young man who thought we were criticising the communist government of Bulgaria. The girl was led away; my backpack and sleeping bag were confiscated. I was dragged along the platform into a small 8x8 foot room with a cold stone floor and a hole in one corner by way of toilet facilities. I was held in that bitterly cold room without food or water for over 72 hours. I had lost all hope of ever seeing the outside world again, when the door opened. I was again dragged out unceremoniously, locked up in the guard's compartment on a departing freight train and told that I would be released 20 hours later upon reaching Istanbul. The guard's final words still ring in my ears -- "You are from a friendly country called India and that is why we are letting you go!" The journey to Istanbul was lonely, and I was starving. This long, lonely, cold journey forced me to deeply rethink my convictions about Communism. Early on a dark Thursday morning, after being hungry for 108 hours, I was purged of any last vestiges of affinity for the Left. I concluded that entrepreneurship, resulting in large-scale job creation, was the only viable mechanism for eradicating poverty in societies. Deep in my heart, I always thank the Bulgarian guards for transforming me from a confused Leftist into a determined, compassionate capitalist! Inevitably, this sequence of events led to the eventual founding of Infosys in 1981. While these first two events were rather fortuitous, the next two, both concerning the Infosys journey, were more planned and profoundly influenced my career trajectory. On a chilly Saturday morning in winter 1990, five of the seven founders of Infosys met in our small office in a leafy Bangalore suburb. The decision at hand was the possible sale of Infosys for the enticing sum of $1 million. After nine years of toil in the then business-unfriendly India, we were quite happy at the prospect of seeing at least some money. I let my younger colleagues talk about their future plans. Discussions about the travails of our journey thus far and our future challenges went on for about four hours. I had not yet spoken a word. Finally, it was my turn. I spoke about our journey from a small Mumbai apartment in 1981 that had been beset with many challenges, but also of how I believed we were at the darkest hour before the dawn. I then took an audacious step. If they were all bent upon selling the company, I said, I would buy out all my colleagues, though I did not have a cent in my pocket. There was a stunned silence in the room. My colleagues wondered aloud about my foolhardiness. But I remained silent. However, after an hour of my arguments, my colleagues changed their minds to my way of thinking. I urged them that if we wanted to create a great company, we should be optimistic and confident. They have more than lived up to their promise of that day. In the seventeen years since that day, Infosys has grown to revenues in excess of $3.0 billion, a net income of more than $800 million and a market capitalisation of more than $28 billion, 28,000 times richer than the offer of $1 million on that day. In the process, Infosys has created more than 70,000 well-paying jobs, 2,000-plus dollar-millionaires and 20,000-plus rupee millionaires. A final story: On a hot summer morning in 1995, a Fortune-10 corporation had sequestered all their Indian software vendors, including Infosys, in different rooms at the Taj Residency hotel in Bangalore so that the vendors could not communicate with one another. This customer's propensity for tough negotiations was well-known. Our team was very nervous. First of all, with revenues of only around $5 million, we were minnows compared to the customer. Second, this customer contributed fully 25% of our revenues. The loss of this business would potentially devastate our recently-listed company. Third, the customer's negotiation style was very aggressive. The customer team would go from room to room, get the best terms out of each vendor and then pit one vendor against the other. This went on for several rounds. Our various arguments why a fair price -- one that allowed us to invest in good people, R&D, infrastructure, technology and training -- was actually in their interest failed to cut any ice with the customer. By 5 p.m. on the last day, we had to make a decision right on the spot whether to accept the customer's terms or to walk out. All eyes were on me as I mulled over the decision. I closed my eyes, and reflected upon our journey until then. Through many a tough call, we had always thought about the long-term interests of Infosys. I communicated clearly to the customer team that we could not accept their terms, since it could well lead us to letting them down later. But I promised a smooth, professional transition to a vendor of customer's choice. This was a turning point for Infosys. Subsequently, we created a Risk Mitigation Council which ensured that we would never again depend too much on any one client, technology, country, application area or key employee. The crisis was a blessing in disguise. Today, Infosys has a sound de-risking strategy that has stabilised its revenues and profits. I want to share with you, next, the life lessons these events have taught me. 1. I will begin with the importance of learning from experience. It is less important, I believe, where you start. It is more important how and what you learn. If the quality of the learning is high, the development gradient is steep, and, given time, you can find yourself in a previously unattainable place. I believe the Infosys story is living proof of this. Learning from experience, however, can be complicated. It can be much more difficult to learn from success than from failure. If we fail, we think carefully about the precise cause. Success can indiscriminately reinforce all our prior actions. 2. A second theme concerns the power of chance events. As I think across a wide variety of settings in my life, I am struck by the incredible role played by the interplay of chance events with intentional choices. While the turning points themselves are indeed often fortuitous, how we respond to them is anything but so. It is this very quality of how we respond systematically to chance events that is crucial. 3. Of course, the mindset one works with is also quite critical. As recent work by the psychologist, Carol Dweck, has shown, it matters greatly whether one believes in ability as inherent or that it can be developed. Put simply, the former view, a fixed mindset, creates a tendency to avoid challenges, to ignore useful negative feedback and leads such people to plateau early and not achieve their full potential. The latter view, a growth mindset, leads to a tendency to embrace challenges, to learn from criticism and such people reach ever higher levels of achievement (Krakovsky, 2007: page 48). 4. The fourth theme is a cornerstone of the Indian spiritual tradition: self-knowledge. Indeed, the highest form of knowledge, it is said, is self-knowledge. I believe this greater awareness and knowledge of oneself is what ultimately helps develop a more grounded belief in oneself, courage, determination, and, above all, humility, all qualities which enable one to wear one's success with dignity and grace. Based on my life experiences, I can assert that it is this belief in learning from experience, a growth mindset, the power of chance events, and self-reflection that have helped me grow to the present. Back in the 1960s, the odds of my being in front of you today would have been zero. Yet here I stand before you! With every successive step, the odds kept changing in my favour, and it is these life lessons that made all the difference. My young friends, I would like to end with some words of advice. Do you believe that your future is pre-ordained, and is already set? Or, do you believe that your future is yet to be written and that it will depend upon the sometimes fortuitous events? Do you believe that these events can provide turning points to which you will respond with your energy and enthusiasm? Do you believe that you will learn from these events and that you will reflect on your setbacks? Do you believe that you will examine your successes with even greater care? I hope you believe that the future will be shaped by several turning points with great learning opportunities. In fact, this is the path I have walked to much advantage. A final word: When, one day, you have made your mark on the world, remember that, in the ultimate analysis, we are all mere temporary custodians of the wealth we generate, whether it be financial, intellectual, or emotional. The best use of all your wealth is to share it with those less fortunate. I believe that we have all at some time eaten the fruit from trees that we did not plant. In the fullness of time, when it is our turn to give, it behooves us in turn to plant gardens that we may never eat the fruit of, which will largely benefit generations to come. I believe this is our sacred responsibility, one that I hope you will shoulder in time. Thank you for your patience. Go forth and embrace your future with open arms, and pursue enthusiastically your own life journey of discovery!
Is anyone familiar with Konstantin Stanislavski??? Can anyone take notes on this: BUILDING A CHARACTER Constantin Stanislavski CHAPTER FOURTEEN Toward an Ethics for the Theatre I “THE TIME has now come to speak of one more element,” Tortsov began today, “contributing to a creative dramatic state. It is produced by the atmosphere surrounding an actor on the stage and by the atmosphere in the auditorium. We call it ethics, discipline, and also the sense of joint enterprise in our theatre work. “All these things taken together create an artistic animation, an attitude of readiness to work together. It is a state which is favorable to creativeness. I do not know how else to describe it. “It is not the creative state itself but it is one of the main factors contributing to it. It prepares and facilitates that state. “I shall call it ethics in the theatre because it plays an important part in preparing us in advance for our work. Both the factor itself and what it produces in us and for us are significant because of the peculiarities of our profession. “A writer, a composer, a painter, a sculptor are not pressed for time. They can work when and where they find it convenient to do so. They have the free disposal of their time. “This is not the case with an actor. He has to be ready to produce at a fixed hour as advertised. How can he order himself to be inspired at a given time? It is far from simple. “He needs order, discipline, a code of ethics not only for the general circumstances of his work, but also and especially for his artistic and creative purposes. “The first condition towards the bringing about of this preliminary state is to follow the principle I have aimed at: Love art in yourself and not yourself in art. “The career of an actor,” Tortsov went on, “is a splendid one for those who are devoted to it and understand and see it in the true light.” “What if an actor does not do this ?“ one of the students asked. “That is unfortunate because it will cripple him as a human being. Unless the theatre can ennoble you, make you a better person, you should flee from it,” Tortsov replied. “Why?” we asked in chorus. “Because there are a lot of bacilli in the theatre, some are good and some are extremely harmful. The good bacilli will further the growth in you of a passion for what is fine, elevating, for great thoughts and feelings. They will help you to commune with the great geniuses such as Shakespeare, Pushkin, Gogol, Moliere. Their creations and traditions live in us. In the theatre you will also meet modern writers and representatives of all branches of art, science, of social science, of poetic thought. “This select company will teach you to understand art and the essential meaning at its core. That is the principal thing about art, therein lies its greatest fascination.” “Exactly in what?” I asked. “In coming to know, in working on, studying your art, its bases, methods and technique of creativeness,” explained Tortsov. “Also in the torments and joys of creation, which we all feel as a group. “And in the joys of accomplishment, which renew the spirit and lend it wings! “Even in the doubts and failures, for in them also lies a stimulus to new struggles, strength for new work and fresh discoveries. “There is too an esthetic satisfaction which is never altogether complete and it provokes and arouses new energy. “How much of life there is in all this!” “What about success ?“ I enquired rather shyly. “Success is transient, evanescent,” answered Tortsov. “The real passion lies in the poignant acquisition of knowledge about all the shadings and subtleties of the creative secrets. “Meantime do not forget the bad, the dangerous, corrupting bacilli of the theatre. It is not surprising that they thrive there; there are too many temptations in our theatre world. “An actor is on view every day before an audience of a thousand spectators from such and such an hour to such and such an hour. He is surrounded by the magnificent trappings of a production, set against the effective background of painted scenery, dressed often in rich and beautiful clothes. He speaks the soaring lines of geniuses, he makes picturesque gestures, graceful motions, produces impressions of startling beauty—which in large measure are brought about by artful means. Always being in the public eye, displaying his or her best aspects, receiving ovations, accepting extravagant praise, reading glowing criticisms—all these things and many more of the same order constitute immeasurable temptations. “These breed in an actor the sense of craving for constant, uninterrupted titillation of his personal vanity. But if he lives only on that and similar stimuli he is bound to sink low and become trivial. A serious minded person could not be entertained for long by such a life, yet a shallow one is enthralled, debauched, destroyed by it. That is why in our world of the theatre we must learn to hold ourselves well in check. We have to live by rigid discipline. “If we keep our theatre free from all types of evil we, by the same token, bring about conditions favorable to our own work in it. Remember this practical piece of advice: Never come into the theatre with mud on your feet. Leave your dust and dirt outside. Check your little worries, squabbles, petty difficulties with your outside clothing—all the things that ruin your life and draw your attention away from your art.” “Excuse me for pointing this out,” interrupted Grisha, “but no such theatre exists in the world.” “Unfortunately you are right,” admitted Tortsov. “People are so stupid and spineless that they still prefer to introduce petty, humdrum bickerings, spites and intrigues into the place supposedly reserved for creative art. “They do not seem to be able to clear their throats before they cross the threshold of the theatre, they come inside and spit on the clean floor. It is incomprehensible why they do this! “It is all the more reason why you should be the ones to discover the right, the high minded significance of the theatre and its art. From the very first steps you take in its service train yourselves to come into the theatre with clean feet. “Our illustrious forbears in acting have summed this attitude up in the following way: “A true priest is aware of the presence of the altar during every moment that he is conducting a service. It is exactly the same way that a true artist should react to the stage all the time he is in the theatre. An actor who is incapable of this feeling will never be a true artist!” 2 A great deal of discussion was caused in the theatre by a scandal in connection with one of the actors. He was severely reprimanded and warned that he would be dismissed if he repeated the intolerable offense. Grisha had as usual a lot to say on the subject: “I for one don’t think the management has any right to mix into an actor’s private life!” Whereupon some of the others asked Tortsov to explain his point of view to us. “Does it not seem irrational to you to tear down with one hand what you are trying to build up with the other? Yet many actors do that very thing. On the stage they make every effort to convey beautiful and artistic impressions and then, as soon as they step down from the boards, almost as though they had been intent on spoofing their spectators who a moment ago were admiring them, they do their best to disillusion them. I can never forget the bitter pain caused me in my youth by a famous visiting star. I shall not tell you his name because I do not want to dim his glory for you. “I was present at an unforgettable performance. The impression he made on me was so tremendous I did not feel I could go home alone. I felt the necessity to discuss my experience with someone. So a friend and I went together to a restaurant. When we were in the midst of an excited conversation who should come in but our genius. We could not restrain ourselves, we rushed up to him and unloosed the floodgates of our enthusiasm. The great man invited us to join him at supper in a private room and there before our very eyes he proceeded to drink himself into a bestial state. Under the gloss was hidden such human corruption, such revolting boastfulness, deceit, gossip—all the attributes of a vulgar showoff. On top of that he refused to pay his bill for the wine he had consumed. It took us a long, long time to pay off this unexpected debt. And all the pleasure we got out of it was the privilege of conducting our belching and roaring host to his hotel where they were most unwilling to receive him in that disreputable drunken state. “Mix together all the good and all the bad impressions which we received from that extraordinarily gifted man and try to determine what result you get.” “Something like the hiccoughs you get from drinking champagne,” suggested Paul brightly. “Well, mind you don’t have the same thing happen to you when you get to be famous actors,” said Tortsov. “It is only when an actor is behind closed doors at home, in his most intimate circle, that he can let go. For his part is not played out when the curtain goes down. He is still bound in his everyday life to be the standard bearer of what is fine. Otherwise he will only destroy what he is trying to build. Remember this from the very beginning of your term of service to art and prepare yourselves for this mission. Develop in yourselves the necessary self- control, the ethics and discipline of a public servant destined to carry out into the world a message that is fine, elevating and noble. “An actor, by the very nature of the art he serves, becomes a member of a large and complex organization—the theatre. Under its emblem and hallmark he represents it daily to thousands nf spectators. Millions read daily in the papers about his work and activity in the institution of which he is a part. His name is so closely bound up with that of his theatre that it is scarcely possible to distinguish between them. Next to his family name that of this theatre belongs to him. In the mind of the public his artistic and his personal life are inextricably linked together. Therefore if an actor from the Art Theatre, the Maly, or another, commits a reprehensible act, any crime, is involved in any scandal, no matter what alibi he may offer, no matter what denial or explanation may be printed in the papers, he will be unable to wipe away the stain, the shadow, he has laid on his whole company, his theatre. This, therefore, obligates an actor to conduct himself worthily outside the walls of his theatre and to protect his good name both on the boards and in his private life.” 3 “One of the measures calculated to insure order and a healthy atmosphere in the theatre is to reinforce the authority of the people, who for one reason or another, have been put in charge of the work. “Before they are chosen and appointed you may argue, wrangle, and protest against one candidacy or another but once that person has been elected to a post of leadership or management it is up to you to support him in every possible way. That is only fair from the point of view of the common good. And the weaker he is the more you should support him. For if he does not enjoy any authority the main motive force of the group will become paralyzed. What becomes of a collective if it is deprived of the leader who initiates, pushes, and directs the common work? We love to decry, discredit, humiliate those whom we have raised to high places, or if a gifted person climbs above us we are ready to use all our strength to beat him down and yell at him: How dare you presume to stand over us, you climber! How many talented and useful people have been destroyed that way. A few, in spite of all obstacles, have achieved general recognition and admiration. But on the whole the brazen ones, who usually succeed in bossing us, have all the luck. And we growl to ourselves and stand it because we find it hard to arrive at any Unanimity and we are afraid to overthrow those who terrorize us. “In theatres, with few exceptions, this is vividly exemplified. The struggle for priority among actors, regisseurs, jealousy of each other’s success, divisions caused by differences in salaries types of parts—all this is strongly developed in our line of work and constitutes its greatest evil. We cloak our ambition, jealousy, intrigues with all kinds of fine sounding phrases such as ‘enlightened competition,’ but all the time the atmosphere is filled with the poison gases of backstage back-biting. “Out of fear of all competition and because of its narrow-minded envy actors meet any newcomer in their midst with fixed bayonets. If he can stand the test he is lucky. Yet how many are terrified, lose all faith in themselves, and go under? “How close to animal psychology all this is! “Once when I was sitting on the balcony of a house in a small provincial town I had an opportunity to watch some dogs. They also have their own limits, lines of demarcation which they are keen to maintain. If an outsider dares to overstep a certain bound and he is met by the combined curs of that particular district. he succeeds in giving a good account of himself he wins recognition in the end and is accepted in the district into which he had intruded. Or he turns tail and flees, wounded and maimed, from his own fellow creatures, “And it is this very form of brute psychology which is rampant, alas, in all theatres with few exceptions, and which must be destroyed. It is in force not only among newcomers but also among the groups of old timers. I have heard two great actresses going for each other not only backstage but during performances and in terms that a fishwife would envy. I have been witness to the conduct of two famous and talented actors who refused to enter the stage through one and the same wing or door. I have been told about two celebrated stars, a man and a woman, who for years played opposite each other without being on speaking terms. During rehearsal they communicated with one another through a third person. He would say to the man directing the play: ‘Tell her that she is talking nonsense,’ and she would reply through the same channel: ‘Tell him that he is acting like a boor.’ “Why is it that such talented people are willing to destroy the and fine work which they themselves originally built up? For the sake of personal, trivial, petty insult and misunderstandings? “Such are the suicidal depths to which actors sink if they are not able to overcome in time their bad professional instincts. I hope this will be an example and vivid warning to you.” 4 “Let us suppose that one actor in a well and carefully prepared production, either through laziness, neglect or inattentiveness, departs so far from the true performance of his part as to act in a purely routine, mechanical way. Has he the right to do this? After all, he was not alone in producing the play, he is not solely responsible for the work put in it. In such an enterprise one works for all and all for one. There ‘must be mutual responsibility and whoever betrays that trust must be condemned as a traitor. “In spite of my great admiration for individual splendid talents, I do not accept the star system. Collective creative effort is the root of our kind of art. That requires ensemble acting and whoever mars that ensemble is committing a crime not only against his comrades but also against the very art of which he is the servant. 5 Our class was to meet for a rehearsal in one of the greenrooms backstage where the regular actors of the theatre company met their friends. Afraid of disgracing ourselves before them we asked Rakhmanov to give us some advice about how to act there. To our surprise the Director himself appeared. He said that he had been much touched to hear of our serious attitude toward the rehearsal. “You will realize what you need to do and how you should conduct yourselves if you bear in mind that this is a collective enterprise,” he said to us. “You are all going to be producing together, you will all be helping one another, all be dependent on one another. You will all be directed by one person, your regisseur. “If there is orderliness and proper distribution of work, your collective effort will be pleasant and productive because it is based on mutual help. But if there is chaos and a wrong atmosphere for work then your collective enterprise can become a torture chamber, you will be getting in each other’s way, pushing each other around. It is clear therefore that you must all agree to establish and support discipline.” p “How do we support it?” “First of all, you arrive at the theatre on time, a half hour or a quarter of an hour before the rehearsal is called, in order to go over the elements which are necessary to establish your inner state. “If even one person is late it upsets all the others. And if all are late your working hours will be frittered away in waiting instead -f being applied to your job. That makes an actor wild and puts him in a condition where he is incapable of work. But if on the contrary you all have the right attitude towards your collective responsibilities and come to your rehearsal with proper preparation you will create a splendid atmosphere which will challenge and encourage you. Your work will go along hummingly because you are all helping each other. “It is also important that you take the right attitude towards the object of each individual rehearsal. “The great mass of actors have quite a wrong idea about their attitude toward rehearsals. They believe that they need work only at rehearsals and that they can be idle at home. “Whereas this is not the case at all. The rehearsal merely clarifies the problems that an actor needs to work on at home. That is one reason why I place no confidence in actors who chatter a lot at rehearsals and do not make notes on planning their home-work. “They pretend that they can remember everything without notes. Nonsense! Do they think that I do not know that they cannot possibly remember everything because, in the first place, the regisseur mentions so many details both major and minor that no memory could retain them, and, in the second place, they are dealing for the most part not with definite facts but with feelings stored up in emotion memory. To understand, to comprehend and recall them, the actor must find the appropriate word, expression, example, some means of description with the aid of which he will be able to evoke, to fix the sensation under discussion. “He will have to think about it at home before he will be able to find it again and call it forth from his inner being. That is a tremendous piece of work. It requires great concentration in his work both at home and also at rehearsal when the actor first receives the comments of the regisseur. “We, the regisseurs, know better than anyone else what credence to give to the assertions of inattentive actors. We are the ones who are obliged to repeat the same things to them over and over again. “That kind of an attitude on the part of certain individuals toward a joint piece of work acts as a great brake. Seven will not wait for one. Remember that. Therefore work out for yourselves the right kind of artistic ethics and discipline. This will force you to prepare yourselves properly at home in advance of each rehearsal. Let it be a source of shame and badge of disloyalty to you before your whole group if you are the cause of making the regisseur repeat something he has already explained. You have no right to forget the regisseur’s remarks. You may not comprehend them all at once, you may have to return to them in order to study them more thoroughly, but you may not merely take them in one ear and send them out of the other. That is a crime against all the other workers in the theatre. “Therefore, in order to avoid that misdemeanor, you must teach yourself how to work independently at home on your part. This is no easy task but it is something you must learn how to do thoroughly and well while you are in training here. Here I can take all the time which may be necessary to go into the details of that work but at rehearsals I cannot come back to these things without running the risk of their being turned into lessons. Out on the stage the demands made on you will be far stricter than in the class room. Bear this in mind and prepare yourselves for it.” 6 “How does a singer, a pianist, a dancer, start his day ?“ Tortsov asked at the beginning of today’s class. “He gets up, bathes, dresses, has breakfast and at a time appointed for this purpose he begins his exercises. The singer vocalizes, the pianist plays his scales, the dancer hurries to the theatre, to his practice bar in order to keep his muscles in trim. This is done day after day, winter and summer. A day omitted is a day lost and a detriment to the art of the performer. “Tolstoy, Chekhov and other great artists considered it a necessity to sit down every day at a given hour to write, if not on a novel or short story or play, at least in a diary, to record thoughts and observations. The main point was day by day to cultivate the most delicate and precise ways of rendering all the subtle intricacies of human thoughts and feelings, visual observations and emotional impressions. “Ask any artist and he will tell you the same thing. “Nor is that all: I know a surgeon (and surgery is also an art), who devotes all his free time to playing with the most delicate kind of oriental jackstraws. After tea, while conversing with others, he cleverly fishes out some item underneath a complicated pile of little sticks just to keep his hand in. “And it is only the actor who, when he has gotten up in the morning, dressed and breakfasted, hurries out into the street or calls on friends or does other personal errands, because that is his free time. “That may well be. But the singer, the concert pianist, the dancer do not have any more time. They have rehearsals, lessons, performances too. “Nevertheless it is always the excuse of the actor, who neglects his home-work on the technique of his art, that he has ‘no time.’ “What a pity! As I have said before, an actor, more than any other special artist, is in need of that work at home. Whereas a singer has to be concerned only with his voice and breathing, a dancer with his physical apparatus, and a pianist with his hands r an instrumentalist with his breathing and lip technique—an actor is responsible for his arms, his legs, his eyes, his face, the plasticity of his whole body, his rhythm, his motion and all the program of our activities here in the school. These exercises do not stop with graduation, they go on through your whole lives as artists. And the older you get the more necessary it will be for you to point up your technique and consequently to maintain a system of regular work-outs. “But since the actor has ‘no time’ for such practice his art at best will mark time or at worst run down hill because it consists of only an accidental technique drawn by necessity from unthinking, false, untrue, mechanical rehearsing or badly prepared public appearances. “And yet an actor, especially the ones who complain most about lack of time, those who play roles of second or third in importance, actually have more freedom than anyone else active in various artistic professions. “Just look at the schedule. Take an actor who plays in the mob scenes in, let us say, Tsar Fyodor. He must be ready by 7:30 p.m. He appears in the second scene (the reconciliation of Boris with Shuiski). Then there is an intermission. Do not think that the actor needs to use all of it to change his make-up and costume. No, indeed! Most of the actors keep the same make-up and change only their outer garments. Let us assume that ten out of the fifteen minutes normally assigned to an intermission is used up. “Following that is the short scene in the garden, a two minute wait and then the long scene in the Tsar’s chamber. It plays not less than half an hour, therefore if you add that to the intermission you have approximately thirty-five plus ten—forty-five minutes. “Then come the other scenes which you can calculate for yourselves and arrive at a general sum total. “That is how the matter stands for our colleagues who play in the mob scenes. There are also a number of actors who play bits or even larger parts which are episodic in character. After his episode is finished the actor is either free for the rest of the evening or he waits for another five minute appearance in the last act and the whole time is loafing around the dressing room and being bored. “That is the way actors divide their time when engaged in one of the more complicated and large productions, like Tsar Fyodor. “And now what about the large number of others who are not playing on this particular evening? They are free and they spend their time appearing in pot boiler performances. Let us make a note of that. “So much for the evening occupations. What happens during the daytime at rehearsals? In some theatres, take ours for instance, rehearsals are called for eleven or twelve o’clock. Until then our actors are free. And that is only right for various reasons that are connected with the peculiarities of our lives. An actor’s performance finishes late, he is wrought up and it takes some time for him to calm down sufficiently to go to sleep. At an hour when most people are sound asleep our actor is playing the last and most difficult act of a tragedy. When he comes home he takes advantage of the quiet to concentrate, without being interrupted, on the new part he is preparing. “So what is surprising about the fact that on the following morning when everyone else is already up and at work our tired actor is sound asleep after his long hours of wear and tear on his nerves? “He has probably been on a spree—is what many say about us. “And there are theatres, which pride themselves on keeping their actors on their toes with their iron discipline and model order—so-called. They have rehearsals at 9 a.m. (incidentally after finishing a Shakespearean tragedy at ii p.m. the previous evening). “Such theatres, which boast of their organization, do not take their actors into consideration and in a way they are quite right. Actors in those theatres can die three times a day with utmost comfort and they can rehearse three different plays every morning. “‘Tra-la-la. . . . boom, boom. . . .‘ the leading actress trills in a low voice to her partner in a scene, and adds: ‘I cross to the sofa and sit down!’ “To which the leading man replies in half tones: ‘Tra-la-la. . boom, boom. . . .‘ etc., and then: ‘I cross to sofa, drop on one knee and kiss your hand!’ “It often happens when we are on our way to a rehearsal at noon that we meet an actor from one of those other theatres who is strolling around after a whole morning of rehearsals. “‘Where are you off to?’ he asks. ‘To rehearsal.’ ‘What? At noon! At such a late hour!’ he exclaims not without irony and venom and obviously thinking to himself: ‘What a sleepyhead and shiftless creature!’, and then he says aloud: ‘What a way to run a theatre! Why, I have already finished my rehearsal. We ran through a whole play! We begin work at nine a.m.!’ This last is said with a touch of boastfulness by the mechanic-artist who measures with condescending eye our belated actor. “But I have said enough. I already know in that instance what so-called ‘art’ is in question in those theatres. “And now here is my problem: there are many managers in good theatres who are seriously trying to achieve a degree of genuine artistry who really believe that the so-called iron discipline and order of the mechanical actors is right and even ideal. How can such people, who judge the product and conditions of work of a real artist according to standards established by book-keepers, cashiers, and accountants, be put in charge of the direction of artistic accomplishment or even understand how it is to be carried on, how much nervous energy, life, and the highest spiritual outbursts are laid on the altar of their beloved art by true actors who ‘sleep until noon and are the cause of endless disorder in the schedules set up by the repertory office!’ “How can we get away from such managers with petty tradesman or bank clerk mentalities? Where are we to find people who understand and, above all, who sense what the main object of true artists is and how to deal with them? “Meanwhile I am putting more and more pressure on these already over-burdened real artists, regardless of whether they are playing long or short parts: I am asking that they take their last remaining free time—the intermissions and the waits between their entrances and the hours between rehearsals—to work on their technique. “For such work, as I proved to you by figures, there is plenty of time.” “But you want to exhaust the poor actor, and take away his last breathing spell !“ “No, indeed, I assert. The most exhausting thing for an actor is to loaf around his dressing room waiting for his next entrance.” 7 “There are many actors and actresses who do not take creative initiative. They do not prepare their roles outside the theatre by letting their imaginations and subconscious play on the character they are to portray. They come to the rehearsal and wait around until they are led along a path of action. After a great effort the regisseur can sometimes succeed in striking sparks in such passive natures. Or these lazy persons may catch fire from watching others take hold, they may follow their lead and become infected with their feelings about the play. After a series of such vicarious sensations, if they have any gift at all, they may be able to arouse their own feelings and acquire a real grasp on their parts in their own right. Only we regisseurs know how much work, inventiveness, patience, nervous strength and time it takes to push such actors of weak creative impulse ahead, away from their dead center. Women, in such cases, are apt to excuse themselves charmingly and coquettishly by saying: How can I help it? I cannot act until I feel my part. As soon as the impulse comes everything will turn out all right. They say this with a touch of pride and boasting as though that procedure were a sure sign of inspiration and genius. “Need I explain that all such drones, who profit by the work and creativeness of others, are an infinite drag on the accomplishment of the whole group? It is because of them that productions are often delayed for weeks before they can be released. They not only are slow in their own work but the cause of delay in that of others. Indeed the actors playing opposite them have to exert themselves to the utmost in order to overcome their inertia. This in turn produces overacting, ruins their parts especially if they are not any too secure in them anyway. When they do not get the right cues the conscientious actors make violent efforts to stir the initiative of the sluggish actors, thereby impairing the true quality of their own playing. They get themselves into an impossible state and instead of facilitating the performance they clog it up by making it necessary for the regisseur to deflect his attention away from the general to their particular needs. Consequently we see not only the one passive actress contributing exaggerated, false acting to the rehearsal instead of lifelike, true emotions, but also the men who are playing opposite her as well. It takes no more than two actors straying down the wrong path to deflect a third or even a fourth. In the end one actor can derail a whole performance that was running smoothly and send it tumbling down hill. Poor régisseur! Poor actors! “You may say that it would have been better to dismiss those actors with undeveloped creative initiative and corresponding technique, but it is unfortunately true that among them there are a great many with talent. Less gifted actors would not dare to be so passive, whereas the more gifted ones, feeling unimpeded, allow themselves more leeway; they sincerely believe that they are in duty bound and indeed have the right to wait for the favorable wind, the rising tide of inspiration. “From all of which it should be clear to you that no actor has a right to take advantage of the work of others during a rehearsal. He must provide his own living emotions with which to bring his own part to life. If every actor in a production would do that he would be helping not only himself but the work of the whole cast. If on the contrary each actor is going to depend on the others there will be a complete lack of initiative. The regisseur cannot do the work of everyone. An actor is not a puppet. “So you see every actor is obliged to develop his own creative will and technique. He, along with all the others, is bound to do his own productive share of work at home and at rehearsal, always playing his part in the fullest tones of which he is capable.” 8 “The problem for our art and consequently for our theatre is— to create an inner life for a play and its characters, to express in physical and dramatic terms the fundamental core, the idea which impelled the writer, the poet, to produce his composition. “Every worker in the theatre from the doorman, the ticket taker, the hat-check girl, the usher, all the people the public comes into contact with as they enter the theatre on up to the managers, the staff, and finally the actors themselves—they all are co-creators with the playwright, the composer, for the sake of whose play the audience assembles. They all serve, they all are subject to the fundamental aim of our art. They all, without exception, are participants in the production. Anyone who in any degree obstructs our common effort to carry out our basic aim should be declared an undesirable member of our community. If any of the staff out front greets any member of the audience inhospitably thereby ruining his good humor, he has struck a blow against our general objective and the goal of our art. If it is cold, dirty, untidy in the theatre, if the curtain is late in rising, if the performance drags— then the mood of the public is depressed, they arc not receptive to the main thoughts and feelings offered to them through the joint efforts of the playwright, the regisseur, the company and the actors. They feel they had no cause to come to the play, the performance is spoiled, and the theatre loses its social, artistic and educational significance. “The playwright, the composer, the cast, all do their share to create the necessary atmosphere on their side of the footlights, and the administrative staff does its part in creating an appropriate mood in the audience and backstage where the actors are getting ready for a performance. The spectator as well as the actor is an active participant in a performance and therefore he too needs to be prepared for his part, he must be put in the proper mood in order to be receptive to the impressions and thoughts the playwright wishes to impart to him. “This absolute dependence of all the workers in the theatre on the ultimate aim of our art remains in force not only during performances but also during rehearsals an